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  A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research would find. Study the PDF below (only for academic use) Hypothesis in Research PDF Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables . It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been proved. A hypothesis is not just a guess — but based on existing theories and knowledge. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question. A hypothesis has to be testable , which means you can prove or disprove it through scientific research methods, like experiments, observations, statistical analysis, etc. Hypothesis in Research How to develop a hypothesis? Ask a question : Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. Do some preliminary research : Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find. Collect as many observation

 Variables are things/qualities/attributes you study, measure, manipulate, or control in research. All studies analyse and interpret or value a variable. Without a variable we cannot make a study; or rather you don't need to make a research. Study the PDF below (for academic use only) Research Variable PDF Variables in Research Kinds of Variables Independent Variable Dependent Variable Extraneous Variable Confounding Variable Control Variable Composite Variable Moderating Variable There could be more variables, either explicitly seen in a topic or not explicitly seen in a topic, which might play a role in the research.

 RoL is a survey of books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory. It provides a summary, and more correctly, a synthesis (major debates and intellectual progression) of those works. Study the PDF below (only for academic use) Review of Literature PDF Why a review of literature? To establish how a problem has been researched to date; and to know their conclusions. To reveal any gap that exist in the literature so far. To locate your own research within the context of existing research and literature. To develop a theoretical framework and methodology. Writing Review of Literature Be Selective: Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. Summarize, Paraphrase, and Synthesize: Recapitulate and synthesize important arguments of a research study, and relate it to your own research. Be sure to represent the author's information or opinions accurately. Use Evidence : Your int

 Getting started with the research is the most difficult thing. Deciding what to research on is at times time-consuming and confusing. A few concrete and conscious steps may help. Study the PDF below (For academic purpose only) Research Topic, Research Problem & Questions PDF First and foremost, get in touch with your field of interest and studies. Read around them. Talk about it to people around. See if there are areas that are not explored. See if that topic meets the academic requirement of the institution. Consider its social and practical relevance. And make sure that doing research in that topic is feasible. Research problem and question Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, an area of knowledge yet be explored in theory or applying of a theory. Research Question: A research question is  a question that a study or research project aims to answer; and it is answered in the study's conclusion. Thesis Statement: The thesis stat

 One of the main part of conducting a research is data collection. Credible data gives reliable results and conclusions.  Study the PDF bellow (for academic uses only) Data Collection in Research PDF What is data? (Datum) Data are the individual pieces of recorded facts and figures. What is Research Data? Systematically recorded factual materials commonly accepted in the scientific community as necessary to validate research findings. Research Data can be in many forms: Documents, Spreadsheets Lab Notebooks, field notebooks, diaries (observational data) Answered questionnaires, survey results, transcripts of marks Experimental data Photographs, Films, audio, video tapes/files Focus group recordings, interview notes. Etc.   Kinds of Data Quantitative Data is any data that is in numerical form. They include numerical values such as measurements, cost, weight, frequency etc. Qualitative Data is expressed in words, signs,

American Psychological Association ( APA ) style is most frequently used by writers and students of Social Sciences. Media Studies, as a field of study, comes under social sciences, and therefore follows APA style. Here we have descriptions and examples for the student format of APA research papers, headings, in-text citations, and the reference page. Study the PDF bellow (for academic purposes only) Research Report Writing APA Guidelines PDF Here I have mentioned aspects and styles that are relevant and needed for under graduate student research paper . I have also added few aspects that are customary by the institution.  Components of Research Report         Cover Page           Title Page           Declaration           Certificate by Guide           Acknowledgement           Table of Contents           Abstract           Introduction           Review of Literature           Methodology           Data Analysis, Results and Discussion           Conclusion           Re

  A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed research. It sets out the central issues or questions that you intend to address. It outlines the general area of study within which your research falls, referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent debates on the topic. It also demonstrates the originality of your proposed research. Lets try to understand what goes into a research proposal. Study the PDF below (for academic use only) Research Proposal PDF Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What do you plan to accomplish?  Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to research. Why do you want to do the research?  In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of in-depth

  The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Study the PDF below (only for academic use) Research Design PDF Here are four main characteristics that make for good research design: It is neutral.  Naturally, setting up a study comes with a measure of assumptions, which is why there is a hypothesis. However, good research design comes into play when the results obtained are as neutral and as objective as possible. It should allow the researcher to analyse and interpret the data that is free of any bias. It is valid.  The design of the research also indicates the tools and techniques by which to measure results. If the design is sound, these tools will be correct and appropriate for the job, which will be defined as those that

 In Research, sampling methods refer to how we select members from the population to be in the study. If a sample isn't randomly selected, it will probably be biased in some way and the data may not be representative of the population. Lets learn various kinds of sampling Study the PDF Below (for academic use only) Sampling in Research PDF Less recommended ways to sample Convenience sample : The researcher chooses a sample that is readily available in some non-random way. Voluntary response sample:  The researcher puts out a request for members of a population to join the sample, and people decide whether or not to be in the sample. Recommended ways to sample Simple random sample:  Every member and set of members has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Technology, random number generators, or some other sort of chance process is needed to get a simple random sample. Stratified random sample:  The population is first split into groups. The overall samp

 Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analysing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question. Second, decide how you will  analyse the data . Types of Research Methods Study the PDF below (this PDF is to be used only for academic purposes) Types of Research Methods PDF Some researches will have more than one method employed. 

 With reference to the discipline in which one is doing the research, there may be different ways to categorise research. here it is done keeping in mind Social Science research under which falls media studies.  When you start planning a research project, developing research questions and creating a research design, you will have to make various decisions about the type of research you want to do. There are many ways to categorise different types of research, considering, the type of knowledge you aim to produce, the type of data you will collect; and the sampling methods, timescale and location of the research. This article takes a look at some common distinctions made between different types of research and outlines the key differences between them. Research types There could be other parameters of categorisation. Please study the PDF below (PDF is only for academic use) Types of Research PDF Here the differences are on the basis of    Nature of Research   I s the research done to de